IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 29 Volume 12 Issue 01 2024-05-01

216 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=216 2024-05-11 Today we can identify a variety of political and economic systems in the world. A free market economic system is more likely to work if it is based on a democratic political system. According to the Democracy Index 2021, Mexico went from being an imperfect democracy to a hybrid regime, with the risk of becoming an authoritarian regime. The transition from a political system of imperfect democracy to a hybrid regime represents a great risk for domestic and foreign private investment. There is a latent political risk for investors in this type of countries, which scares away foreign direct investment. This research presents an analysis of the behavior of foreign direct investment in Mexico from 2000 to 2021 by state and political party. The results from a point biserial correlation test prove the existence of a dependence between the attraction of foreign investment and the political party in government. Mexico attracted lower capital inflows since the presence of MORENA, actual political party that is in both, the federal and some state governments. Descriptive statistics show that in most of the matches there is a dependence and also a correlation, however it is prudent to study the direction of this relationship and the strength. The findings are based on an analysis of three years of government of the MORENA political party; therefore, a longer period could be considered for future research. Asiedu, E. (2006). Foreign direct investment in Africa: The role of natural resources, market size, government policy, institutions and political instability. World economy, 29(1), 63-77. Botello, J. and Davila, M. (2023). Insecurity and political uncertainty: Factors that Influence the Fall of Foreign Direct Investment in Mexico. The Business and Management Review, 14(2), 65-71. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), La Inversión Extranjera Directa en América Latina y el Caribe, 2021 (LC/PUB.2021/8-P), Santiago, 2021. Chichón, J. (2007). Democracia y Autoritarismo en América Latina: en busca de la Década Perdida (1995-2005), América Latina Hoy, 46, 173-199. Department of social communication. (2022). Comunicado de prensa número 735/22. México: Instituto Nacional de Estad´sitica y Geografía. Elizalde et. Al (2022). Impacto del Riesgo-País en la Inversión Extranjera Directa en México. EnsayosRevista de Economía, 41(1), 1-16. Filipe, J.A., Ferreira, M.A., Pacheco, M., and Moura, D. (2012). FDI Political Risks: The New International Context. International Journal of Latest Trends in Finance & Economic Sciences. Hayakawa, K., Kimura, F., and Lee, H. (2011). How does country risk matter for FDI. Institute of Development Economies, 51(1), 60-78. doi. 10.1111/deve.12002 Hill, Ch., and Hult, T. (2019) International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace. 12 ed. New York: McGraw Hill. Iloie, R. (2015). Connections between FDI, Corruption Index and Country Risk Assessments in Central and Eastern Europe. El sevier. Procedia Economics and Finance, 32,626–633. Jensen, N., and McGillivray, F. (2005). Federal Institutions and Multinational investors: Federalism, Government Credibility and Foreign Direct Investment. International Interactions, 31:303-325. Jensen, N. (2003). Democratic governance and multinational corporations: political regimes and inflows of foreign direct investment. Int. Organ. 57(3):587–616. Korstanje, Maximiliano y (2013), “DEMOCRACIA Y AUTORITARISMO: LA RAZÓN POPULISTA.” Nómadas. Critical Journal of Social and Juridical Sciences, Núm. Especial: América Latina Mezú, R. (2020). Democracia vs. Crecimiento económico: ¿Quién fue primero, el huevo o la gallina? Revista Ciencia y Poder Aéreo, 15(2), 18-31. Morales, J. y Tuesta, P. (1998). Calcificaciones de crédito y Riesgo-país. Estudios Económicos, 1-26. Naranjo, A. (2021). Estabilidad de los Regímenes Políticos e Inversión Extranjera Directa, período 1969 al 2008, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 2(1), 227-254. Rafat, M., and Farahani, M. (2019) The Country Risks and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). Iran. Econ. Rev. 23 (1), 235-260 https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2024-05-11-23-37-52-PM.pdf Juan Carlos Botello Carlos Botello Baltazar Investment political party hybrid political regime 3451 71 0

217 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=217 2024-05-11 The purpose of this study is to determine the ISO 9001 factors that improve performance in the Emergency Services. Proper understanding of these factors might help to improve emergency services performance and related organisations. a structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 121 emergency service employees. ISO principles served as measurable variables and the results were interpreted based on these variables. Descriptive statistics and cross-tab analysis were applied for the purpose of this study.The results show that high level of training, effective communication and proper record keeping as factors that could improve performance in the emergency services. Management commitment is revealed to be insignificantly related to performance. The study is the first in the emergency services (firefighting and ambulance) in relation to quality management. The study provides emergency services managers with thorough understanding of the implementation of ISO 9001 quality management system and can use it to further enhance their decisions, thus improving performance. Aba, E.K., Badar, M.F. & Hayden, M.A. Impact of ISO 9001 certification of firms financial operating performance. International journal of quality and reliability management, 33(1):78-89. Alic, M. 2013. Issues of ISO 9001 implementation: improper praxes leading to bureaucracy. Dynamic Relationship Management Journal, 55-67. Alvarez, M.J., Jaca, C., Viles, E. & Colomer, A. 2012. Quality management in hotels in the Basque Country. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences, 4(1): 51-60. Anderson, C. 2013. What are 10 reasons why you need ISO 9001 [Online]. Available from:http://www.bizmanualz.com/obtain-iso-certification/what-are-10-reasons-why-you-need-iso-9001-certification.html[Accessed: 22 Feb. 2016]. Arumugam, V., Ooi, K. & Fong, T. 2008. TQM practices and quality management performance. An investigation of their relationship using data from ISO 9001:2000 firms in Malaysia. The TQM Magazine, 20(6): 636-650. Axson, D.A.J. 2010. Best practices in planning and performance management: radically rethinking management for a volatile world. 3rd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Bashan, A. & Kordova, S. 2022. Challenges in regulating the local and global needs of quality management systems. International journal of quality management and reliability. Buttigieg, S.C., Dey, P.K. & Cassar, R.M. 2015. Combined quality function deployment and logical framework analysis to improve quality of emergency care in Malta. International journal of healthcare quality assurance, 29(2):123-140. Candido, C.J.F., Coelho, L.M.S. & Peixinho, R.M.T. 2016. The financial impact of a withdrawn ISO 9001 certificate. International Journal of Operations and Production Management, 36(1): 23-41. Carina, E. Keskitalo, H. & Liljenfeldt, J. 2014. Implementation of forest certification in Sweden: and issue of organisation and communication. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 29(5): 473-484. Cheung, M.F.Y. & To, W.M. 2010. Management commitment to service quality and organisational outcomes. Managing Service Quality, 20(3): 259-272. City of Tshwane (South Africa). 2012. State of the City Address 2012. Internal document. Pretoria: City of Tshwane. City of Tshwane (South Africa). 2013. Emergency Services Annual Report 2013. Internal document. Pretoria: City of Tshwane. Constitution See South Africa. Conti, T. 2006. Quality thinking and systems thinking. The TQM magazine, 18(3): 297-308. Delic, M., Radlovacki, V., Kamberovic, B., Maksimovic, R & Pecujlija, M. 2014. Examining relationships between quality management and organisational performance in transitional economies. Total Quality Management, 25(4): 367-382. Ebrahimi, M. & Sadeghi, M. 2013. Quality management and performance: an annotated review. International Journal of Production Research, 51(18): 5625-5643. Ferdousi, F. Baird, K. Munir, R. & Su, S. 2018. Mediating role of quality performance on the association between organizational factors and competitive advantage. International journal of productivity and performance management, 68(3):542-560. Fons, L.A.S. 2011. Measuring the effects of quality management systems. The TQM Journal, 23(4): 458-474. Goetsch & Davis. 2013. Quality management: just the facts 101. 5th edition. Content Technologies. Grenersen, G. 2012. What is a document institution? A case study from the South Sami community. Journal of Documentation, 68(1): 127-133. Hawrysz, L & Hys, K. 2014. Communication channels of middle managers and non-managers in public sector organizations in Poland. International Journal of Contemporary Management, 13(2): 72-85. Hoyle, D. 2007. Quality management essentials. Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann. Ismyrlis, V., Moschidis, O. & Tsiotras, G. 2013. Critical success factors examined in ISO 9001-2008-sertified Greek companies using a multidimensional statistics. Journals for Quality and Reliability Management, 32(2): 114-131. ISO   Survey.   2015.     ISO   survey   of   management system  standard  certification  [Online].      Available   from: http://www.iso.org/iso/iso-survey. [Accessed: 08 Jan. 2016]. Jamaluddin, Z. Razali, A.M. & Mustafa, Z. 2014. The relationship between quality management practices and organisational performance: a structural equation modeling approach. In: The 2nd ISM International Statistical Conference, 2014: 494-504. Karia, N & Asaari, M.H.A.H., 2006.The effects of total quality management practices on employees’ work-related attitudes. The TQM Magazine, 18(1): 30-43. Kaziliunas, A. 2010. Success factors for quality management system: certification benefits. Intellectual Economics, 2(8): 30-38. Laosirihongthong, T. Teh, P. & Adebanjo, D. 2013. Revisiting quality management and performance. Industrial Management and Data, 113(7): 990-1006. Larkin, R. 2003. Evaluating a quality improvement program for the emergency medical service in the Burnsville Fire Department. National Fire Academy: Executive Fire Officer Program. Lee, H. & Lee, C. 2014. The effects of total quality management and organisation learning on business performance: evidence from Taiwanese insurance industries. Total Quality Management, 25(9): 1072-1087. Lewis, W.G., Pun, K.F & Lalla T.R.M. 2007. The effects of ISO on TQM implementation in SME in Trinidad. West Indian Journal of Engineering, 30(1): 1-16. Liu, N & Liu, W. 2012. The effect of quality management practices on employees’ well-being. Total Quality Management and Organisation Excellence, Aug.: 1-15. Llach, J., Marimon, F. & Bernado, M. 2010. ISO diffusion analysis according to activity sectors. Industrial Management and Data Systems 111(2): 298-316. Maletic, D., Maletic, M. & Gomiscek, B. 2014. The impact of quality management orientation on maintenance performance. International Journal of Production Research, 52(6): 1744-1754. Marinucci, R. 2013. The chief problem solver: quality is the problem. Fire Engineering. Martinez-Lorente, R. &Martinez-Costa, M. 2004. ISO 9000 and TQM: substitutes or complimentaries? An empirical study in industrial companies. International Journal f Quality and Reliability Management, 21(3): 260-276. Mello, S. 2010. Customer Centric Product definition: the key to product development.Boston: PDC professional. Menezes, L.M. 2012. Job satisfaction and quality management: an empirical analysis. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 32(3): 308-328. Moreau, C. & Mertens, S. 2013. Managers’ competences in social enterprises: which specificities. Social Enterprise Journal,9(2): 164-183. Neary, A. 2014. Do emergency nurse practitioners provide adequate documentation? Art & science, education and practice, 22(4): 34-40. Ochieng, J., Muturi, D & Njihia, S.N. 2015. The impact of ISO 9001 implementation on organisational performance in Kenya. The TQM Journal, 27(6): 761-771. Olsson, E. 2014. Crisis communication in Public Organizations: Dimensions of crisis communication revisited. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 22(2): 113-125. Ooi,  K.B.,  Safa,  M.S.  &  Arumugam,  V.  2006.  TQM  practices  and  affective  commitment:  a  case  of  Malaysian semiconductor packaging organizations. International Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship, 2(1): 37-55. https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2024-05-11-23-43-28-PM.pdf Tshepo Sethakha Paul EI Edoun Solly Pooe ISO 9001 performance management competitive advantage and continuous improvement 2686 47 0

218 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=218 2024-05-11 The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) agreement seeks to integrate markets in Africa into one large market. With the growing concerns about continental integration, this study identifies prospects and challenges of achieving structural transformation in Africa through the AfCFTA. The study employs the Interactive Structural Modelling technique, which helps to develop a contextual relationship between the factors in terms of their driving power or dependence power. The results indicate that unequal trade and investment opportunities, poor infrastructure, poor access to development finance, and the degree of industrialisation have a high driving power, hence a greater potential to create a ripple effect on other factors associated with African integration. Based on the findings, this study recommends that a platform be created within the agreement where these challenges can be tackled. In this view, the establishment of various development finance institutions monitored and facilitated by the AfCFTA affiliates, could be explored. Abrego ML, De Zardozi, MM, Gursoy T, Nicholls GP, Perez-Saiz H, and Rosas JN (2020) The African Continental Free Trade Area: Potential Economic Impact and Challenges. International Monetary Fund. Africa Union. Agreement establishing the African Continental Free Trade Area. https://au.int/sites/default/files/treaties/36437-treaty-consolidated_text_on_cfta_-_en.pdf (Accessed on 30 July 2021). Ahwireng‐Obeng F, and McGowan PJ (1998) Partner or hegemon? South Africa in Africa: part one. Journal  of Contemporary African Studies 16(1): 5-38. Ajibo CC (2019. African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement: The Euphoria, Pitfalls and Prospects. Journal of World Trade 53(5):871-894. 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219 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=219 2024-05-11 This study aims to perform a comparative analysis of the influence of township entrepreneurship on unemployment and economic development among the Francophone and Anglophone countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The study employed a descriptive and quantitative research design where a longitudinal data was sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI) and World Bank Entrepreneurship databases on 12 and 9 Francophone and Anglophone countries respectively. A Fixed Effect panel regression model was employed to attain the objectives of the study. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant negative effect of township entrepreneurship on unemployment; and also, township entrepreneurship has a positive significant effect on economic development. Both relationships were found to have insignificant differences between Anglophone and Francophone countries suggesting that the ability of township entrepreneurship to minimize the rate of unemployment and boost economic development is generic and irrespective of cultural and social differences. This study was anchored on the behavioral theory of social entrepreneurship to provide empirical contribution to existing literature. Abdullah, M.A., Azam, M.S.E. and Razak, D.A., (2019). Halal tourism: definition, justification, and scopes towards sustainable development. International Journal of Business, Economics and Law, 18(3), pp.23-31. Afolabi, J.A., Raifu, I.A. and Aminu, A. (2022). Entrepreneurship and unemployment nexus in MENA: Does institutional quality matter? Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 1(1) pp.1-33.https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2022.2119739 Ahmad, S. and Bajwa, I.A., (2021). 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The role of entrepreneurship, innovation, and urbanity-diversity on growth, unemployment, and income: US state-level evidence and an fsQCA elucidation. Journal of Business Research, 101, pp.675-687. Boden Jr, R.J. and Nucci, A.R., (2000). On the survival prospects of men's and women's new business ventures. Journal of business venturing, 15(4), pp.347-362. Carree, M. and Dejardin, M., (2020). Firm Entry and Exit in Local Markets:‘MarketPull’or ‘Unemployment Push’ Effects, or Both? International Review of Entrepreneurship, 18(3), pp.371-386. Daud, S.N.M. (2020). External debt, institutional quality and economic growth. BuletinEkonomiMoneter Dan Perbankan, 23(2), pp.221-238. Delfmann, H., Koster, S., McCann, P., & Van Dijk, J. (2014). Population changes and new firm formation in urban and rural regions. Regional Studies, 48(6), pp.1034–1050. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2013.867430 Dhahri, S. and Omri, A., (2018). Entrepreneurship contribution to the three pillars of sustainable development: What does the evidence really say? World Development, 106(1), pp.64-77. El Ebrashi, R., (2013). Social entrepreneurship theory and sustainable social impact. Social Responsibility Journal, 9(2), pp.188-209. Figueiredo, E. and Paiva, T., (2018). Senior entrepreneurship and qualified senior unemployment: The case of the Portuguese Northern region. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 26(3), pp.342-362. Hausman, J.A., (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica: Journal of the econometric society, pp.1251-1271. Kpegba, S.A., Atisu, L.K.K., Nketiah Sarfo, K., Oppong, C., & Akwaa‐Sekyi, EK (2024). Public expenditure and economic sustainability: Does institutional quality matter? Sustainable Development. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.3024 Kpegba, S.A., Oppong, C. and Atchulo, A.S., (2023). Urban entrepreneurship, public management and sustainability nexus: Evidence from developing countries. Sustainable Development.https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2691 Mathibe, M. and Chinyamurindi, W., (2022). The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on women entrepreneurs operating in the informal sector. Journal of Contemporary Management, 19(si1), pp.104-124. Mathibe, M. and Oppong, C., (2024). Sustainable entrepreneurship: A catalyst for unemployment reduction and economic growth in Anglophone and Francophone countries. Business Strategy & Development, 7(2), p.e362. Mathibe, M., Mochenje, T. and Masonta, M.T., (2021). Assessing the effectiveness of 4IR strategy on South African township economy: Smart township perspective. In Mbali Conference 2021 Proceedings (pp. 103-120). Mathibe,M, Muchenge, T & Masonta,M 2022, In Eniola, A.A., Iwu, C.G. and Opute, A.P. eds., 2022. The Future of Entrepreneurship in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities Post-pandemic. O’Leary, D., (2022). Unemployment and entrepreneurship across high-, middle-and low-performing European regions. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 9(1), pp.571-580. Otache, I., (2019). Enhancing the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education: the role of entrepreneurial lecturers. Education+ Training, 61(7/8), pp.918-939. Peprah, A.A. and Adekoya, A.F., (2020). Entrepreneurship and economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from Africa. Business Strategy & Development, 3(3), pp.388-394. Prasetyo, P.E. (2021). The Role of MSME on Unemployment in Indonesia. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(13), pp.2519-2525. Prasetyo, P.E., (2021). The Role of MSME on Unemployment in Indonesia. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(13), pp.2519-2525. Santarelli, E., Carree, M., &Verheul, I. (2009). Unemployment and firm entry and exit: An update on a controversial relationship. Regional Studies, 43(8), 1061–1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400801968361 Seda (2024).Township and Rural Entrepreneurship Programme | Department of Small Business Development (dsbd.gov.za) Stoica, O., Roman, A. and Rusu, V.D. (2020). The nexus between entrepreneurship and economic growth: A comparative analysis on groups of countries. Sustainability, 12(3), p.1186. Tjahjanto, H., Tuhana, T., Mafruhah, I., Istiqomah, N. and Ismoyowati, D. (2023). High Unemployment, Disrupted Economic Growth and Sustainable Development Goals: Analyzing Unemployment Reduction. Economics & Sociology, 16(1), pp.106-120. Uju, M. and Racheal, J.A.C. (2018). Impact of entrepreneurial skills in reducing youth unemployment in Nigeria. European journal of business, economics and accountancy, 6(3), pp.1-12. Uju, M. and Racheal, J.A.C., (2018). Impact of entrepreneurial skills in reducing youth unemployment in Nigeria. European journal of business, economics and accountancy, 6(3), pp.1-12. Youssef, A.B., Boubaker, S. and Omri, A., (2018). Entrepreneurship and sustainability: The need for innovative and institutional solutions. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 129(1), pp.232-241. Zhakupov, Y.K., Berzhanova, A.M., Mukhanova, G.K., Baimbetova, A.B. and Mamutova, K.K. (2023). The impact of entrepreneurship on the socio‐economic development of regions. Business Strategy & Development, 6(1), pp.13-19 https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/2024-05-11-23-58-27-PM.pdf Clement Oppong Motshedisi Mathibe Economic development Township entrepreneurship Unemployment 5755 50 0

220 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=220 2024-06-01 Despite of positive impacts of the earnings management on the business purposes, many businesses have been suffered due to the audit failures as a result of aggressive earnings management. Therefore, the study on true reflection of earnings management, the controlling factors and how aggressively manipulated earnings quality can be mitigated are the areas of concern these days. For the estimation of earnings management, performance matched discretionary accruals model has been implemented as this model has been identified as the best explanatory models. Thereafter, this research has accumulated the sector-wise earnings management to identify the impact of sectors on the sectorial earnings management. There are eleven different industries involved in the research while four of them have revealed that the managers from certain sectors have got involved in the aggressive earnings management. Further, this research has investigated the impact of the attributes of the corporate governance on the sector-wise earnings management. the variables of corporate governance like managerial ownership, block-holders, institutional ownership and non-executive directors’ fees have significant impact on sector-wise earnings management where other variables like board meeting, board size, number of female members on the board, board independence have not been identified as they have significant impact on controlling earnings management. Univariate and multivariate methods are used to demonstrate the results and to establish the inferences of the outcomes of the research. The use of coefficients (β  -value) and p-value are much prominent in this study. Abbott, L.J., Parker, S. & Peters, G.F. (2014). Audit Committee Characteristics and Restatements. Auditing: A Journal of Practice & Theory, 23(1) 69-87. Al-Shaer, H. and Zaman, M. 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221 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=221 2024-06-03 Globally, female entrepreneurship is acknowledged as a major force behind innovation, social progress, and economic success. But to launch and expand successful businesses, women in South Africa face many obstacles. Considering the significance of inclusive participation in the mainstream economy, it is necessary to understand the factors that may inspire or impede the intention of women in becoming entrepreneurial. The population consisted of students of a private higher education institution. Data was collected from female students of postgraduate certificate in education. An online system was designed for data collection using a questionnaire. This allowed for a wider audience to participate, but it also prevented the participants' identities from being revealed because they were not in contact with the researchers. IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to analyze the data. Every student's response was examined, and the analysis was used to categorize the responses. Results reveal intriguing patterns in the participants’ perceptions of entrepreneurship. Doubt about oneself when starting a business is strongly correlated with pessimism about success, which implies a lack of faith in entrepreneurship. Furthermore, although there is a desire for entrepreneurial fulfilment, developing business concepts is difficult and presents a significant barrier. A major contribution of this paper is that it responds to the call by National Development Plan (NDP) (2030) of South Africa, which seeks ways to increase inclusivity, improve equity, and diversity in mainstream economy. Ahmad, S. Z., Bakar, A. R. A., & Ahmad, N. (2018). An evaluation of teaching methods of entrepreneurship in hospitality and tourism programs. The International Journal of Management Education, 16(1), 14-25. Alam, S.S., Abdullah, Z., Ishak, N.A. and Zain, Z.M., 2009. 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222 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=222 2024-06-24 The purpose of this paper is to measure the economic consequences of building fires in relation to the GDP of the City of Tshwane. Specifically, the research investigates the economic impact from the victim’s perspective on the cost of building fires. Design/ methodology/ approach – a quantitative research methodology was used where a standard questionnaire was distributed to 300 research participants identified from the City of Tshwane emergency services database system. Findings – The economic cost of building fires in the City of Tshwane has been determined to be 0, 16% of the GDP. Originality/value: This paper gives account of the victims’ perspective about their experience of fire. No other literature is known to have given such account. Ashe, B.S.W., Mcaneney, K.J. & Pitman, A.J. 2009. The total cost of fires in Australia. General technical report psw-gtr 227:82–101. Bosch, A. & Venter, J.C. 2020. December 2019 – Note on the recent sharp increase in the unemployment rate. [Online]. Available from: https://www.resbank.co.za/en/home/publications/publication-detail-pages/quarterly-bulletins/articles-and-notes/2019/9637 [Accessed 20/04/2023]. Breslin, D., Dobson, S & Smith, N. 2019. Improving the effectiveness of fire prevention using the premonition agent-based model of domestic fire risk behaviours. International journal of emergency services, 8(3):280-291. Center For Economic And Business Research. 2014. The financial and economic impact of warehouse fires. London. Chapman, R.E. Butry, D.T. Huang, A.L. & Thomas, D.S. 2010. Economics of egress alternatives and life safety costs. National institute of standards and technology 1109:1-70. City Of Tshwane (South Africa). 2021. City of Tshwane emergency services system. Internal document. Pretoria: City of Tshwane. City Of Tshwane (South Africa). 2022. City of Tshwane Integrated development plan 2021-2026. Pretoria: City of Tshwane. Hailstone, J. 2018. All buildings should be publicly rated for fire and life safety. [Online]. Available from: https://www.shponline.co.uk/fire-protection/all-buildings-should-be-publicly-rated-for-fire-and-life-safety-says-australian-firefighter/ [Accessed: 10/08/2021]. Havko, J. & Klucka, J. 2016. Economic evaluation of fire protection measures. In: 3rd International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on Social Sciences & Arts SGEM 2016, August 2016, Slovak, [Online]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318661664_ECONOMIC_EVALUATION_OF_FIRE_PROTECTION_MEASURES [Accessed: 03/05/2023]. Heeks, M., Reed, S., Tasfiri, M & Prince, S. 2018. The economic and social cost of crime. Research report 99. July: 1-83. Hossain, D., Hassan, K. Yuen, A.,C.,Y. He, Y. Saha, S. & Hittini, W. 2020. Flame behavior, fire hazard, fire testing approach for lightweight composite claddings – a review. Journal of structural fire engineering. Kodur, V., Kumar, P. & Rafi, M.M. 2019. Fire hazards in buildings: review, assessment and strategies for improving fire safety. PSU Research Review, Aug:1-23. Lauricella, S. & Pankhurst, K. 2018. The safe tweet: social media use by Ontario fire services. International journal of Emergency Services, 7(3):179-191. Lawson, K.N. 2021. Property Rights, Consequences of Electrical Blackouts, and Measures of Institutional Quality. Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports: 1-88. [Online]. Available from https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=9012&context=etd [Accessed 17/01/2023]. Lentini, J.J. 2019. Scientific protocols for fire investigation. 3rd edition. Taylor and Francis. Lu, S. Mei, P. Wang, J. & Zhang, H. 2012. Fatality and influence factors in high-casualty fires: A correspondence analysis. Safety Science, 50:1019-1033. Nayaranan, V., Oguaka, A. Walls, R.S. 2022. Reduced scale experiments on fire spread involving multiple informal settlement dwellings. MDPI, Nov:1-32. NFPA 2021. NFPA reporter’s guide: the consequences of fire. [Online]. Available from: https://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-media/Press-Room/Reporters-Guide-to-Fire-and-NFPA/Consequences-of-fire [Accessed 06/11/2022]. Oloke, O.C. Oluwunmi, O.A. Oyeyemi, K.D. Ayedun, C.A. & Peter, N.J. 2020. Fire risk exposure and preparedness of peri-urban neighbourhoods in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. Earth and Environmental Science, 655: 1-11. Pooe, S. 2016. The relationship between employee training and development, and performance in the city of Tshwane. DBA. Dissertation. Tshwane, TUT. Sethakha Paul EI Edoun Solly Pooe Building fires economic impact property and response 5178 77 0