IJBED 2051-848X 2051-8498 https://doi.org/10.24052/IJBED/ 14 Volume 05 Issue 2 2017-07-01 https://ijbed.org/cdn/issue_file/content_77978_18-02-20-09-56-01.pdf

139 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=139 2017-08-11 In recent years there has been growing interest in Ubuntu, a communitarian African phi-losophy based on virtues such as tolerance, reciprocity, compassion and harmony. Several authors have suggested theoretical ways in which it might be applied to the field of business management and business ethics. This paper tries to show, that applying the categories of business ethics as proposed by Donaldson/Dundee's Integrative Social Contract Theory (ISCT) to the communita-rian Ubuntu philosophy can provide a special approach to global business ethics. The paper clari-fies in which way Ubuntu values are particular to Africa and universal at the same time. It also shows that ‘harmony’ in the sense of Ubuntu demonstrates similarities with Japanese and Chinese managerial practices. Auchter, L., 2015. Supply Chain Responsibilities and the Need for an Integrative Ethic Management in Emerging Economies. 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Toward a unified conception of business ethics: Integrative Social Contracts Theory. The Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 252-284. Donaldson, T. and Dunfee, T., 1999. Ties that Bind: A Social Contracts Approach to Business Ethics. Havard Business School Press, Boston, Massachusetts. Douglas, M., 2000. Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Hype over Hypernorms, Journal of Business Ethics, 26: 101-110. Dumisa, S. and Amao, O.B., 2015. The Utility of Moral Philosophy and Professional Ethics in the Fight against Corruption in South Africa: Any Role for Ubuntu? In: Ubuntu: Journal of Conflict and Social Transformation, 4(1): 83-109. Dunfee, T., 2006. A Critical Perspective of Integrative Social Contracts Theory: Recurring Criticisms and Next Generation Research Topics. Journal of Business Ethics, 68: 303-328. Dunfee, T., Smith, C. & Ross, W., 1999. Social Contracts and Marketing, in: Journal of Marketing, 63(3): 14-32. Gade, C.B.N., 2011. The historical development of the written discourses on Ubuntu. South African Journal of Philosophy, 30(3): 303-329. Gade, C.B.N., 2012. What is Ubuntu? Different Interpretations among South African of African descent. South African Journal of Philosophy, 31(3), 484-503. Glac, K.  & Wan Kim, T., 2009. The “I” in ISCT: Normative and Empirical Facets of Integration. In: Journal of Business Ethics 88: 693-705. Guest, R., 2004. The Shackled Continent: Africa’s Past, Present and Future. Gyekye, K., 1992. Person and Community in African Thought. Available online: http://www.galerie-inter.de/kimmerle/frameText9.html [Accessed on 15. Jan. 2016] Gyekye, K., 1997. Tradition and Modernity, Philosophical Reflections on the African Experience. Habermas, J., 1990. Moral Consciousness and communicative action, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Hartman, E., 2009. Principles and Hypernorms, in: Journal of Business Ethics, 88: 707-716. Herold, T. & Stehr, C., 2010. Developing Hypernorms for Corporate Codes of Ethics, in: Journal of Global Strategic Management, 7: 110-111. Heugens, P.P.M.A.R., Oosterhout, J., & van and Kaptein, M., 2006. Foundations and Applications for Contractualist Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 68(3): 211-228. Husted, B., 1999. A Critique of the Empirical Methods of Integrative Social Contract Theory, Journal of Business Ethics, 20: 227-235. Itoh, Y., 1991. Socio-cultural backgrounds of Japanese interpersonal communication style. Available online: http://civilisations.revues.org/1652, [Accessed on 15. Jan. 2016] Kaptein, M. & Wempe, J., 2011. The Corporation as Social Contract. Available online: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1940396   [Accessed on 15. Jan. 2016] Karsten L., 2005. Ubuntu as key African management concept: contextual background and practical insights for knowledge application. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20 (7). Khoza, R.J., 1994. 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140 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=140 2017-08-11 Purpose: To examine the influence and participation of women in the labor market by the know-ledge economy; in negative or positive manner. Methodology: Quantitative research technique has been implied to evaluate women’s participa-tion in the labor market to minimize negative impacts of knowledge economy. Findings: Within the service and agricultural sectors, the outcomes demonstrated that knowledge economy is found to have a significant impact on the participation of women’s labor force. The only drawback that discourages the employment of women is the concept of culture and social norms. Practical Implications: A higher participation of females in computer science, engineering and technology-oriented jobs would spur innovation and economic advances in all countries. Origi-nality Statement: The research also depicted procedures to accomplish women’s participation as a fundamental requirement for the achievement of developmental goals. 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141 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=141 2017-08-11 Following the closure of Plattsburgh Air Force Base in 1995, the northeastern region of New York State faced a unique economic development challenge. In addition to the loss of the air base, the rural area suffers from urbanization and automation in manufacturing trends. While the quality of life is highly rated, population and job growth stagnate. Isolated geographically by Lake Champlain to the East, the Adirondack Mountains to the South and West, and long distances to southern economic centers in the state, the region has looked north of the Canadian border and positioned itself as "Montreal's US suburb". Economic developers have crafted bi-national agreements between regional organizations, improved cross-border infrastructure, and enhanced educational institutions for the purpose of attracting Canadian and international manufacturers to the region. In 2015, the North American Center of Excellence in Transportation Equipment was launched and six new companies joined the cluster, doubling its size and perhaps providing a base for further growth. Manufacturing jobs are likely to grow for the first time in more than 20-years. We use cluster theory to argue that this formation of companies may still be insufficient to catalyze cluster emergence and the desired goal of regional competitiveness. Moving forward in the crafting of regional economic development policy, we emphasize the importance of viewing the North American Center of Excellence for Transportation Equipment as a pre-emergent cluster in need of further support to reach its potential.       APA. 2016. The Adirondack Park [Online]. Adirondack Park Agency. Available: http://apa.ny.gov/gis/index.html#Stats [Accessed July 5 2016]. Chopra, S. & Sodhi, M. S. 2004. Managing risk to avoid supply-chain breakdown. MIT Sloan management review, 46, 53. Colgan, C. S. & Baker, C. 2003. 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142 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=142 2017-08-11 n this article, I argue that it is difficult to arrange the development of small and medium-sized companies in Poland ignoring the role of the shadow economy. The shadow economy exists in every country. The differences are related to its scale and its category. It can be regarded as a phenomenon found in a transition economy especially. All efforts to abolish the shadow economy have proven to be ineffective. During the era of the planned economy in Poland, the shadow economy was operating at a high level, mainly due to the fact that such a planned economic model proved to be very unsuccessful. The communist era was known as the economy of shortage, and this made a considerable impact on the development of the shadow economy. The shadow economy affects many aspects of the economy, including small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). These companies play a fundamental role in market-oriented countries. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship among the factors fostering the activity of small and medium-sized enterprises. The study is concerned with companies operating in the legal economy in Poland. The study shows that the shadow economy is regarded as a chance for further development for many SMEs.    Alden, J. D. (1981). Holding two jobs: An examination of ‘moonlighting’. In S. Henry (Ed.), Informal institutions. New York: St. Martin’s Archiwum Akt Nowych (1962). KC PZPR, Zespół Centralny do Walki z Nadużyciami i Korupcją. Warszawa [Archives of the New Files (1962).  Central Team to Fight Against Fraud and Corruption. Warsaw] Avnimelech,G., Zelekha,Y., Sarabi, E., (2011). The Effect of Corruption on Entrepreneurship.  Paper presented at the DRUID 2011. On Innovation, Strategy and Structure, Organizations, Institutions, Systems and Regions at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark, June 15-17, Bakke, E. W. (1940). The unemployed worker. 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(2014).  The Situation of Young Poles in the Labor Market [in:] Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference of the Global Awareness Society International, Publisher Cracow University of Economics Schneider, F. (2005) Shadow economies around the world: what do we really know? European Journal of Political Economy, 21, 598–642 Schneider F., Williams C. (2013) The Shadow Economy, The Institute of Economic Affairs, London Schneider, F., Enste, D., (2000). Shadow Economies: Size, Causes, and Consequences. Journal of Economic Literature Vol. XXXVIII pp. 77–114 Statistical Yearbook (1954). Warsaw. GUS Statistical Yearbook (1982). Warsaw. GUS Statistical Yearbook (2016). Warsaw. GUS Teobaldelli, D. (2011), Federalism and the shadow economy, Public Choice, 146, 269–89 Ustawa z dnia 8 marca 1972r. o wykonywaniu i organizacji rzemiosła, Dz.U. z 1983r. nr 7, poz.40 [Act of March 8, 1972 On the exercise and organization of the craft,  Journal of Laws  From 1983 r. No. 7, item 40 ] Ustawa z dnia 23 grudnia 1988r. o działalności gospodarczej (Dz.U. Nr 41, poz. 324 ze zm.)   Act of 23 December 1988r. About business activity Journal of Laws No. 41, item 324] Williams, C. (2005). Tackling the informal economy: towards a coordinated public policy approach.  Public Policy and Administration, Vol. 20, pp. 38-53 World Economic Forum. International Chamber of Commerce / Transparency International / United Nations Global Compact / World Economic Forum Partnering Against Corruption Initiative. 2008. ‘Clean Business is Good Business’. Available at  http://www.weforum.org/pdf/paci/BusinessCaseAgainstCorruption.pdf date of access  2017/02/14 http://www.pap.pl/en/news-/news,638509,poland-39th-in-global-innovation-index-ranking.html,date of access 2017/02/19 https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/content_78027_17-08-11-13-44-10.pdf Andrzej Buszko Transition economy small and medium-sized enterprises SMEs shadow economy barrier opportunity 6046 15 0

143 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=143 2017-08-11 Under L-type economy, remodelling the growth power in the medium and long term is essential. The insurance industry during the 13th Five-year Plan period has been given a heavy expectation on promoting economic quality and upgrading economic efficiency, so it will try to accelerate its innovation and development process which serves national needs, market demand and people's requirements. Referring to the previous researches of Solow and Zhang and measuring Capital Stock and Total Factor Productivity independently, the paper analyses the inherent correlation between insurance (including life insurance and non-life insurance) and economic growth, reveals the contribution law of the insurance development in economic growth in the short and long term from both economic scale and quality respectively. It also shows enlightenments on policy decision for the insurance industry, thus helps economic stability under the downturn periods. 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144 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=144 2017-08-11 This study explores and tests the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate financial performance (CFP) in developing countries, focusing mainly to examine the financial aspects of high vs low-ranked firms in the CSR Index in Egypt for eight consecutive years (excluding 2011 because of its special situation due to instability caused by the revolution). Moreover, this study empirically examines different financial ratios for 18 firms listed in Egyp-tian Stock Exchange EGX 30 for eight years, 2007 – 2015. Using the Standard and Poor’s index (S&P/EGX ESG Index) to measure the CSR, and using accounting-based measures (from Egypt for Information Dissemination (EGID) database and the Cairo and Alexandria Stock Exchange Disclosure book). This study’s purpose is to find the suitable measures of the CFP along with CSR, as well as, the relationship between them, to conclude whether CSR is beneficial for companies or not. The main question here is: What is the type and significance of the relationship between CSR and the CFP in Egypt? the ANOVA analysis was chosen and used on both company's CSR and CFP variables, also constructed a Pearson Correlation between CSR and CFP variables and examined the multiple regression model to discriminate between the CFP of high and low-ranked firms in the CSR Index and recognize the type and significance of the relationship between CSR and CFP. The results show that CSR has a positive significant relation with the CFP. The paper has implications for enhancing the understanding of performance management by understanding the relationship between CSR and CFP. Abbott, W. & Monsen, R., 1979. 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145 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=145 2017-08-11 A new e-business strategy planning and performance evaluation scheme based on adaptive algorithmic modelling techniques is presented. The effect of financial and non-financial performance of organizations on e-business strategy planning is investigated. The relationships between the four strategic planning parameters are examined, the directions of these relationships are given and six additional basic components are also considered. The new conceptual model has been constructed for e-business strategic planning and performance evaluation and an adaptive algorithmic modelling approach is presented. The new adaptive algorithmic modelling scheme including eleven dynamic modules can be optimized and used effectively in e-business strategic planning and strategic planning evaluation of various e-services in very large organizations and businesses. A synoptic statistical analysis and comparative numerical results for the case of the UK and Greece are given. The proposed e-business models indicate how e-business strategic planning may affect financial and non-financial performance in business and organizations by exploring whether models which are used for strategic planning can be applied to e-business planning and whether these models would be valid in different environments. A conceptual model has been constructed and qualitative research methods have been used for testing a predetermined number of considered hypotheses. The proposed models have been tested in the UK and Greece and the conclusions including numerical results and statistical analyses indicated existing relationships between considered dependent and independent variables. The proposed e-business models are expected to contribute to the e-business strategy planning of businesses and organizations and managers should consider applying these models to their e-business strategy planning to improve their companies’ performances. This research study brings together elements of e-business strategy planning, strategy planning and performance management. The proposed models can be used by practitioners who may use them for increasing their organization’s performance and by theoreticians for academic purposes by developing e-business strategic management, strategic planning and performance evaluation. Brynjolfsson, E., Hitt, LM. (2003), ‘Computing Productivity: Firm-Level Evidence’ (working paper no. 4210-01), Cambridge, MIT Sloan School of Management, MA Caniato, F., Cagliano, R., Kalchschmidt, M., Golini, R., Spina, G. 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146 https://ijbed.org/details&cid=146 2017-08-11 Climate change (CCH) is one of the important issues raised globally lately. heat, humidity pollution could harm children, cause diseases and death,85 % of the world’s youth live in the developing countries, and Egypt as one of the developing countries its children face a great risk specially with the presence of weak climate change awareness impact. Our research will investigate Egypt climate change awareness (CCA) problem and how it affects Egyptian children, we will try to explore children problems (CHP), due to limited climate change awareness and conclude by emphasizing the importance of having appropriate solution; in term of avoiding negative climate change impact (CCHI) on children in the future. Ahmed Tanqeer, Zahid (2015). "Health Care Cost and Climate Change Confronting the Strategic Challenges". International journal of multidisciplinary approach and studies 12.november 6: 85-88. Print. Akresh, Richard. (2016) "Climate Change Conflict and Children, the Future Children". Spring: 51-71. Print. Aron Brenstein and Samuel Myre. (2011) "Climate Change and Children Health". Therapeuics and toxicology 23.2: 221-226 "Climate and Health Egypt Country Profile". (2015): n.50-60 page. Print. "Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance (2013)". World health organization, report: n80-90. Page. Print. Hassan, S.K.E (2016), “The Future Impacts of Climate Change on Egyptian population”, Sadat Academy for Management Science (SMAM), Egypt. Heba E. Elsharkawy; Haitham Rashed; & Ihab F. Rached (2009) ‘Climate Change: The Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Egypt” School of Built Environment, University of Nottingham, UK. Hegazy, Omniah.(2005) "Climate Change Public Awareness in Egypt". Climate change central department, Egyptian environmental affairs Agency: n. 30-42pag. Print. Kousky, Carollyn. (2016) "Impacts of Natural Disasters on Children". 26.1: 73-92. Print. Michael Oppenheimer, Jesse K. Anttila-Hughes.(2016), Science of climate change 26.1 The Journal of the future of children, Pages: 11-30 World Health Organization , Climate and Health Country Profile ,2015. www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2016/tech-44E.p, Global warming and negative impacts on Egypt - unoosa (November 2016 last visit ) Human dynamics of climate change, technical report, Met Office, HM Government, UK, 2014. https://ijbed.org/cdn/article_file/content_40599_17-08-11-14-28-06.pdf Sherine El Sakka Climate change (CCH) children problem (CH P) climate change impact (CCHI) country pressure (CP) climate change awareness (CCA) 6368 22 0