Inclusive entrepreneurship, inclusivity, persons with disability

There have been many definitions of inclusion as it relates to the underserved and economic empowerment through entrepreneurship, but few of these definitions have focused specifically on persons with disabilities.

 Purpose of Research- Many studies have looked at increasing economic empowerment through entrepreneurship for women, minorities, youth, seniors, immigrants, and rural residents throughout literature. The gap is, however, the lumping of all these categories has led to overlooking of specific challenges faced by persons with disabilities. This oversight on economic inclusivity has been magnified especially during the Coronavirus pandemic.

Design/ Methodology- This study reviews literature in search of evidence to document programs, projects, and policies used in both developed and developing countries to address the overall challenges of inclusive entrepreneurship. The paper explores several entrepreneurial studies on the inclusivity of business ecosystems in the UK, USA, Sub-Saharan Africa, and India. It highlights public-private partnerships and impact investment as it relates to challenges in increasing inclusivity in businesses.

Results/Findings- It was evident that there are many government policies and programs to support entrepreneurship in the USA, UK, Sub-Saharan Africa, and India, but limited empirical studies have been documented to evaluate the impact of these policies on entrepreneurship for persons with disabilities. Some of the challenges cited in the literature included gender gap, cost of doing business, and the likelihood to be funded to launch a business as common dominant factors reported on the issue of inclusion. 

Practical implications and Conclusions-The authors find that there are much more empirical research and analyses warranted in the study of entrepreneurship inclusion and empowerment of the underserved, especially for persons with disabilities. A continue reviewing literature and use quantitative and qualitative research such that additional programs, projects, and policies may be developed to serve all inclusively.

• Abraham, MM, Lodish, LM. (1987).  Promoter: An automated promotion evaluation system. Marketing Science 6(2), 101-123.
• Abratt, R, Goodey, SD. (1990).  Unplanned buying and in‐store stimuli in supermarkets. Managerial and Decision Economics 11(2), 111–121.
• Amos, C, Holmes, GR, Keneson, WC. (2014).  A meta-analysis of consumer impulse buying. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 21(2), 86–97.
• Anderson, EE. (1979).  An analysis of retail display space: Theory and methods. Journal of Business 52(1), 103–118.
• Asuquo, EE, Igbongidi, PB. (2015).  Retail store merchandise assortment and display and their influence on consumer impulse buying behaviour in northwest Nigeria. Global Journal of Management and Business Research 15(6), 1–7.
• Badrinarayanan, V, Becerra, EP. (2019).  Antecedents and consequences of shoppers' attitude toward branded store-within-stores: An exploratory framework. Journal of Business Research 105, 189-200.
• Bayley, G, Nancarrow, C. (1998).  Impulse purchasing: A qualitative exploration of the phenomenon. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal 1(2), 99–114.
• Bezawada, R, Balachander, S, Kannan, PK, Shankar, V. (2009).  Cross-category effects of aisle and display placements: A spatial modeling approach and insights. Journal of Marketing 73(3), 99–117.
• Blattberg, RC., Neslin, SA. (1990):  Sales Promotion: Concepts, Methods, and Strategies, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
• Boatwright, P, Dhar, S, Rossi, PE. (2004).  The role of retail competition, demographics, and account retail strategy as drivers of promotional sensitivity. Quantitative Marketing and Economics 2(2), 169–190.
• Breugelmans, E, Campo, K. (2011).  Effectiveness of in-store displays in a virtual store environment. Journal of Retailing 87(1), 75–89.
• Campbell, TD, Stanley, CJ. (1963).  Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago, IL: American Educational Research Association.
• Campo, K, Gijsbrechts, E, Goossens, T, Verhetsel, A. (2000).  The impact of location factors on the attractiveness and optimal space shares of product categories. International Journal of Research in Marketing 17(4), 255–279.
• Chan, TKH, Cheung, CMK, Lee, ZWY. (2017).  The state of online impulse-buying research: A literature analysis. Information & Management 54(2), 204–217.
• Chandukala, SR, Dotson, JP, Liu, Q. (2017).  An assessment of when, where and under what conditions in-store sampling is most effective. Journal of Retailing 93(4), 493–506.
• Chevalier, M. (1975).  Increase in sales due to in-store display. Journal of Marketing Research 12(4), 426–431.
• Chitturi, R, Raghunathan, R, Mahajan, V. (2008).  Delight by design: The role of hedonic versus utilitarian benefits. Journal of Marketing 72(3), 48–63.
• Cunningham, AC, O’Connor, NJ. (1968).  Consumer reaction to retail price and display changes. European Journal of Marketing 2(2), 147–149.
• Dittmar, H, Beattie, J, Friese, S. (1995).  Gender identity and material symbols: Objects and decision considerations in impulse purchases. Journal of Economic Psychology 16(3), 491–511.
• Ebster, C, Wagner, U, Neumüller, D. (2006).  Mommy, I want that! – Spontaneous purchases triggered by children. In JC Andreani & U Collesei (Eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress of Marketing Trends, pp.1–28. Paris, France: Marketing Trends Association.
• Erdem, T, Sun, B. (2002).  An empirical investigation of the spillover effects of advertising and sales promotions in umbrella branding. Journal of Marketing Research 39(4), 408–420.
• Fader, PS, Lodish, LM. (1990).  A cross-category analysis of category structure and promotional activity for grocery products. Journal of Marketing 54(4), 52–65.
• Gedenk, K., Neslin, SA., Ailawadi, KL. (2010).  Sales promotion. In: Retailing in the 21st Century (pp. 393-407). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer.
• Gould, S, Goldsmith, E, Lee, M. (2020). The choice polarity effect: An investigation of evolutionary-based trait handedness and perceived magnitudes on laterally displayed choices. Journal of Business Research, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.02.004.
• Gupta, S. (1988).  Impact of sales promotions on when, what, and how much to buy. Journal of Marketing Research 25(4), 342–355.
• Haans, H, Gijsbrechts, E. (2011).  “One-deal-fits-all?” On category sales promotion effectiveness in smaller versus larger supermarkets. Journal of Retailing 87(4), 427–443.
• Halvorsen, R, Palmquist, R. (1980).  The interpretation of dummy variables in semilogarithmic equations. American Economic Review 70(3), 474-475.
• Hirschman, EC, Holbrook, MB. (1982).  Hedonic consumption: Emerging concepts, methods, and propositions. Journal of Marketing 46(3), 92–101.
• Hong, S, Misra, K, Vilcassim, NJ. (2016).  The perils of category management: The effect of product assortment on multicategory purchase incidence. Journal of Marketing 80(5), 34–52.
• Hoyer, WD, MacInnis, DJ. (2004).  Consumer behavior (3rd ed). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
• Hultén, P, Vanyushyn, V. (2011).  Impulse purchases of groceries in France and Sweden. Journal of Consumer Marketing 28(5), 376–384.
• Inman, JJ, Winer, RS, Ferraro, R. (2009).  The interplay among category characteristics, customer characteristics, and customer activities on in-store decision making. Journal of Marketing 73(5), 19–29.
• Jones, MA, Reynolds, KE, Weun, S, Beatty, SE. (2003).  The product-specific nature of impulse buying tendency. Journal of Business Research 56(7), 505–511.
• Kacen, JJ, Hess, JD, Walker, D. (2012).  Spontaneous selection: The influence of product and retailing factors on consumer impulse purchases. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 19, 578–588.
• Kacen, JJ, Lee, JA. (2002).  The influence of culture on consumer impulsive buying behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology 12(2), 163–176.
• Kalla, SM, Arora, AP. (2011).  Impulse buying – A literature review. Global Business Review 12(1), 145–157.
• Kollat, DT, Willett, RP. (1967).  Customer impulse purchasing behavior. Journal of Marketing Research 4(1), 21–31.
• Kumar, V, Leone, RP. (1988). Measuring the effect of retail store promotions on brand and store substitution. Journal of Marketing Research 25(2), 178-185.
• Lemon, KN, Nowlis, SM. (2002).  Developing synergies between promotions and brands in different price-quality tiers. Journal of Marketing Research 39(2), 171–185.
• Lim, PL, Yazdanifard, R. (2015).  What internal and external factors influence impulsive buying behavior in online shopping? Global Journal of Management and Business Research 15(5), 1–9.
• Luo, X. (2005).  How does shopping with others influence impulsive purchasing? Journal of Consumer Psychology 15(4), 288–294.
• McClure, PJ, West, EJ. (1969).  Sales effects of a new counter display. Journal of Advertising Research 9(1), 29–34.
• Mattila, AS, Wirtz, J. (2008).  The role of store environmental stimulation and social factors on impulse purchasing. Journal of Services Marketing 22(7), 562–567.
• Mittal S, Sondhi, N, Chawla, D. (2015).  Impulse buying behaviour: An emerging market perspective. International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, 11(1), 1–22.
• Mou, S, Robb, DJ, DeHoratius, N. (2018).  Retail store operations: Literature review and research directions. European Journal of Operational Research 265(2), 399–422.
• Muruganantham, G, Bhakat, RS. (2013).  A review of impulse buying behavior. International Journal of Marketing Studies 5(3), 149–160.
• Narasimhan, C, Neslin, SA, Sen, SK. (1996).  Promotional elasticities and category characteristics. Journal of Marketing 60(2), 17–30.
• Park, CW, Iyer, ES, Smith, DC. (1989).  The effects of situational factors on in-store grocery shopping behavior: The role of store environment and time available for shopping. Journal of Consumer Research 15(4), 422–433.
• Pires, T. (2016).  Costly search and consideration set in storable goods markets. Quantitative Marketing and Economics 14(3), 157–193. Point of Purchase Advertising Institute (POPAI) (Ed.) (1999):  European Consumer Buying Habits Study, Frankfurt.
• Rook, DW. (1987).  The buying impulse. Journal of Consumer Research 14, 189–199.
• Rook, DW, Fisher, RJ. (1995).  Normative influences on impulsive buying behavior. Journal of Consumer Research 22(3), 305-313.
• Seiler, S, Yao, S. (2017).  The impact of advertising along the conversion funnel. Quantitative Marketing and Economics 15(3), 241–278.
• Smith, MF. (1999). Urban versus suburban consumers: A contrast in holiday shopping purchase intentions and outshopping behavior. Journal of Consumer Marketing 16(1), 58–73.
• Stern, H. (1962).  The significance of impulse buying today. Journal of Marketing 26(2), 59–62.
• Van Heerde, HJ, Leeflang, PS, Wittink, DR. (2004).  Decomposing the sales promotion bump with store data. Marketing Science 23(3), 317–334.
• Vohs, KD, Faber, RJ. (2007).  Spent resources: Self-regulatory resource availability affects impulse buying. Journal of Consumer Research 33(4), 537–547.
• White, H. (1980).  A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society 48(4), 817–838.
• Wilkinson, JB, Mason, JB, Paksoy, CH. (1982).  Assessing the impact of short-term supermarket strategy variables. Journal of Marketing Research 19(1), 72–86.
• Wang, H., Shen, M., Song, YA., & Phau, I. (2020). Do up-displayed eco-friendly products always perform better? The moderating role of psychological distance. Journal of Business Research 114(6), 198-212
• Wood, M. (1998).  Socio-economic status, delay of gratification, and impulse buying. Journal of Economic Psychology 19(3), 295–320.
• Yu, C, Bastin, M. (2010).  Hedonic shopping value and impulse buying behavior in transitional economies: A symbiosis in the mainland China marketplace. Brand Management 18(2), 105–114.
• Zhang, X, Prybutok, VR, Strutton, D. (2007).  Modeling influences on impulse purchasing behaviors during online marketing transactions. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 15(1), 79–89.
• Zhou, L, Wong, A. (2004).  Consumer impulse buying and in-store stimuli in Chinese supermarkets. Journal of International Consumer Marketing 16(2), 37–53